Banyak hal yang harus dipersiapkan sebelum melakukan suatu penelitian, termasuk proposal penelitian. Template berikut ini bisa menjadi gambaran sekaligus panduan bagaimana cara membuat proposal penelitian dengan baik.
Pengertian Penelitian Kuantitatif
Penelitian kuantitatif merupakan salah satu jenis penelitian yang terdiri dari serangkaian investigasi sistematis terhadap suatu fenomena dengan pengumpulan data yang diukur dengan teknik komputasi atau statistik matematika.
Sebagian besar penelitian kuantitatif dilakukan dengan metode statistik, mulai dari pengumpulan data hingga analisis hasil data tersebut.
Tujuan Penelitian Kuantitatif
Tujuan penelitian kuantitatif adalah melakukan pengukuran untuk melihat hubungan fundamental antara pengamatan empiris dengan hasil data yang didapatkan. Penelitian ini juga bertujuan untuk membantu dalam menentukan hubungan antara variabel satu dan lain.
Karakteristik Penelitian Kuantitatif
- Bersifat objektif, artinya harus berdasarkan teori yang jelas.
- Kajian penelitian yang dapat dirasakan, dapat diamati, dan dapat dilihat melalui data.
- Data harus bisa direduksi menjadi fakta yang jelas.
- Sesuatu yang diteliti harus bersifat mekanis dan tetap berdasarkan hukum-hukum tertentu.
Jenis-jenis Penelitian Kuantitatif
1. Metode Komparatif
Jenis penelitian kuantitatif ini digunakan untuk membedakan antara variabel satu dengan variabel lainnya. Dalam proses penelitian, jenis penelitian ini tidak akan melakukan manipulasi sehingga data yang dihasilkan akurat dan objektif agar perbedaan terlihat jelas.
2. Metode Deskriptif
Jenis penelitian kuantitatif berikutnya adalah metode deskriptif yang sering digunakan untuk menyampaikan fakta melalui penjelasan apa yang dirasakan, diperoleh dan dilihatnya. Laporan ini berisi pandangan mata peneliti tanpa merekayasa apa yang diketahuinya.
3. Metode Korelasi
Terakhir, metode korelasi yang digunakan untuk memberikan gambaran dua atau lebih hasil penelitian sehingga terlihat perbedaan atau persamaannya. Bukan hanya itu, jenis penelitian ini juga digunakan untuk mengetahui titik tolak penelitian yang jelas.
Langkah-Langkah dalam Melakukan Penelitian Kuantitatif
1. Membuat Rumusan Masalah
Langkah pertama yang harus dilakukan adalah membuat rumusan masalah dalam bentuk sebuah pertanyaan. Dengan mempertanyakan beberapa masalah tersebut, Anda bisa menyusun penelitian sesuai dengan latar belakang permasalahan.
2. Menentukan Landasan Teori
Suatu penelitian tentu membutuhkan landasan teori yang berkaitan dengan masalah yang akan diangkat, termasuk penelitian terdahulu. Landasan teori menjadi bekal atau modal pengetahuan bagi peneliti agar penelitian berjalan dengan lancar.
3. Merumuskan Hipotesa
Sebelum mendapatkan hasil penelitian, seorang peneliti harus merumuskan hipotesis atau kesimpulan sementara. Dengan begitu, Anda memiliki arah penelitian yang lebih jelas.
4. Mengumpulkan Data
Langkah selanjutnya adalah mengumpulkan data berdasarkan subjek dan populasi yang sesuai fenomena. Pengumpulan data bisa dilakukan melalui kuesioner, angket, tes, observasi, wawancara atau penggunaan instrumen lain.
5. Menganalisa Data
Setelah data yang diharapkan terkumpul, Anda harus memproses data tersebut agar lebih mudah dalam menganalisanya. Dalam melakukan analisa ini, Anda juga harus berpegang pada landasan teori yang sebelumnya sudah dibahas.
6. Membuat Kesimpulan
Langkah terakhir dalam penelitian kuantitatif adalah membuat kesimpulan berdasarkan analisis data yang sudah dilakukan. Pada bagian ini, Anda menjawab apa yang menjadi pertanyaan pada rumusan masalah.
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